historian’s fallacy (cum hoc, ergo propter hoc): 2 events occur at the same time, thus one event has caused the other.

A and B happen simultaneously; therefore A caused B.

gun ownership and violent crime rates have both increased; therefore gun ownership causes violent crimes.  <-- Fallacy - violent crime increasing could be causing the rate of gun ownership to increase due to fearful citizens.

John Dewey, 1896: a historical fallacy is “a set of considerations which hold good only because a completed process is read into the content of the process which conditions this completed result.” (Reading into a process something which comes about as a result of the process.)

C is comprised of A and B; thus combining A and B makes C.  (B may actually be a result of the process of making C.)

If bread is broken down into it’s basic components, you find wheat and air (among other things).  Thus, wheat and air must be combined to make bread.  <-- Fallacy - air is the result of a process, wheat combined with yeast, in the making of bread.

list of links

logical fallacies

http://www.fallacyfiles.org/

http://www.geekpress.com/2006/09/excellent-list-of-logical-fallaciesad.html

http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/

http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/skeptic/arguments.html

http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/mathew/logic.html

critical thinking

http://www.infoshop.org/critical_thinking.html

http://info-pollution.com/

http://skepdic.com/

http://www.zmag.org/content/Instructionals/shalalbcon.cfm

http://www.crank.net/